Gruppi di Lavoro (ANNO 2007)

CERCA NEL SITO

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GRUPPI DI LAVORO (la pagina è in continuo aggiornamento)

INDICE (clicca sul nome del responsabile per contattarlo)

1. Revisione ed implementazione delle Linee Guida

G. Apolone

O. Capelli

2. Definizione

3. Epidemiologia

Epidemiologia e costi della BPCO
R. De Marco, P.Pisanti, L. Zucchi

4. Fattori di rischio

C. Mapp

M. Luisetti

M. Sofia

5. Anatomia patologica, patogenesi e fisiopatologia

Anatomia patologica e patogenesi
M. Saetta, S. Baraldo, G. Caramori, V. De Rose

6. Diagnosi e monitoraggio

7. Riduzione dei fattori di rischio

Azioni contro il fumo di sigaretta ed altre azioni preventive
E. Sabato, S. Nutini, A. De Martino

8. Trattamento della BPCO stabile

9. Gestione delle riacutizzazioni

10. Linee Guida nelle cure primarie

Adattamento delle Linee Guida alla medicina generale
L. Corbetta, G. Bettoncelli, P. Bartoletti, G. Carnesalli, P. Spriano

1. Revisione ed implementazione delle Linee Guida	INDICE

(G. Apolone, O. Capelli)
TEST

2. Definizione	INDICE

Definizione ed aspetti sistemici (G. Bettoncelli, E. Balestro, C. Saltini)
1) Celli BR: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Phenotypes and Their Clinical Relevance. Proc Am Thorac Soc Vol 3. pp 461466, 2006 2) Mannino DM, Watt G, Hole D, Gillis C, Hart C, McConnachie A,Smith GD, Uptone M, Hawthorne V, Sin DD, Man SFP,Van Eeden S, Mapel DW and Vestbo J: The natural history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2006; 27: 627643 3) Sin DD, Anthonisen NR, Soriano JB, and Agusti AG: Mortality in COPD: role of comorbidities. Eur Respir J 2006; 28: 12451257 4) Agusti A: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. A Systemic Disease Proc Am Thorac Soc Vol 3. pp 478483, 2006 5) Sevenoaks MJ and Stockely RA: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, inflammation and co-morbidity - a common inflammatory phenotype? Respiratory Research 2006, 7:70 6) Rabe KF: Guidelines for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Treatment and Issues of Implementation. Proc Am Thorac Soc Vol 3. pp 641644, 2006 7) Joppa P, Petrasova D, Stancak B, Tkacova R: Systemic inflammation in patients with COPD and pulmonary hypertension. Chest. 2006 Aug;130(2):326-33 8) Sin DD, Man SF: Is systemic inflammation responsible for pulmonary hypertension in COPD? Chest. 2006 Aug;130(2):310-2 9) DD Sin, SFP Man: Skeletal muscle weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, and COPD: is systemic inflammation the missing link? Thorax 2006;61:13. 10) EFM Wouters: The systemic face of airway diseases: the role of C-reactive protein. Eur Respir J2006;27:877-879 11) Rutten FH, Cramer MJ, Lammers JW, Grobbee DE, Hoes AW: Heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: An ignored combination? Eur J Heart Fail. 2006 Nov;8(7):706-11. 12) Jorgensen NR, Schwarz P, Holme I, Henriksen BM, Petersen LJ, Backer V: The prevalence of osteoporosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cross sectional study. Respir Med. 2007 Jan;101(1):177 13) Delano MJ and Moldawer LL: The origins of cachexia in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Nutr Clin Pract, 2006. 21(1): p. 68-81.
Classificazione di gravitā (P. Palange, P. Maestrelli, S. Checcacci)
1) Hansen JE, Sun XG, Wasserman K: Spirometric criteria for airway obstruction: Use percentage of FEV1/FVC ratio below the fifth percentile, not < 70%. Chest. 2007 Feb;131(2):349-55. 2) Hansen JE, Sun XG, Wasserman K: Ethnic- and sex-free formulae for detection of airway obstruction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 Sep 1;174(5):493-8

3. Epidemiologia	INDICE

Epidemiologia e costi della BPCO (R. De Marco, P.Pisanti, L. Zucchi)

4. Fattori di rischio	INDICE

(C. Mapp, M. Luisetti, M. Sofia)
1) Simoni M, Baldacci S, Puntoni R, Pistelli F, Farchi S, Lo Presti E,Pistelli R, Corbo G,Agabiti N, Basso S, Matteelli G, Di Pede F, Carrozzi L, Forastiere F, Viegi G Respiratory symptoms/diseases and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in never smoker Italian women. Respir Med. 2007 Mar;101(3):531-8. Epub 2006 Aug 8. 2) Luisetti M, Seersholm N Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. 1: epidemiology of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiencyThorax. 2004 Feb;59(2):164-9 3) Viegi G, Maio S, Pistelli F, Baldacci S, Carrozzi L: Epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: health effects of air pollution. Respirology. 2006 Sep;11(5):523-32 4) Celik F, Topcu F: Nutritional risk factors for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in male smokers Clin Nutr. 2006 Dec;25(6):955-61. Epub 2006 Jun 19 5) Wood AM, Stockley RA. The genetics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res. 2006 Oct 20;7:130 6) Balmes J, Becklake M, Blanc P, Henneberger P, Kreiss K, Mapp C, Milton D, Schwartz D, Toren K, Viegi G; Environmental and Occupational Health Assembly, American Thoracic Society. American Thoracic Society Statement: Occupational contribution to the burden of airway disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 Mar 1;167(5):787-97 7) de Serres FJ, Blanco I, Fernandez-Bustillo E. Estimating the risk for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency among COPD patients: evidence supporting targeted screening. COPD. 2006 Aug;3(3):133-9 8) Parr DG, White AJ, Bayley DL, Guest PJ, Stockley RA Inflammation in sputum relates to progression of disease in subjects with COPD: a prospective descriptive study Respir Res. 2006 Nov 18;7:13 9) Crothers K, Butt AA, Gibert CL, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Crystal S, Justice AC; Veterans Aging Cohort 5 Project Team Increased COPD among HIV-positive compared to HIV-negative veterans Chest. 2006 Nov;130(5):1326-33 10) Lokke A, Lange P, Scharling H, Fabricius P, Vestbo J: Developing COPD: a 25 year follow up study of the general population. Thorax. 2006 Nov;61(11):935-9 11) Caramori G, Adcock I.: Gene-environment interactions in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006 Oct;6(5):323-8 12) Gan WQ, Man SF, Postma DS, Camp P, Sin DD. Female smokers beyond the perimenopausal period are at increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Res. 2006 Mar 29;7:52 13) Orozco-Levi M, Garcia-Aymerich J, Villar J, Ramirez-Sarmiento A, Anto JM, Gea J: Wood smoke exposure and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2006 Mar;27(3):542-6.

5. Anatomia patologica, patogenesi e fisiopatologia	INDICE

Anatomia patologica e patogenesi (M. Saetta, S. Baraldo, G. Caramori, V. De Rose)
1) Grumelli S, Corry DB, Song LZ, Song L, Green L, Huh J, Hacken J, Espada R, Bag R, Lewis DE, Kheradmand F: An immune basis for lung parenchymal destruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. PLoS Med. 2004 Oct;1(1):e8. Epub 2004 Oct 19 2) Dentener MA, Louis R, Cloots RH, Henket M, Wouters EF: Differences in local versus systemic TNFalpha production in COPD: inhibitory effect of hyaluronan on LPS induced blood cell TNFalpha release. Thorax. 2006 Jun;61(6):478-84. Epub 2006 Mar 3 3) Battaglia S, Mauad T, Van Schadewijk AM, Vignola AM, Rabe KF, Bellia V, Sterk PJ and Hiemstra PS: Differential distribution of inflammatory cells in large and small airways in smokers. J. Clin. Pathol. published online 17 Aug 2006 4) Korn S, Wiewrodt R,Walz YC, Becker K, Mayer E, Krummenauer F, Buhl R: Characterization of the interstitial lung and peripheral blood T cell receptor repertoire in cigarette smokers. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2005 Feb;32(2):142-8. 5) Sullivan AK, Simonian PL,Falta MT, Mitchell JD, Cosgrove GP,Brown KK,Kotzin BL, Voelkel NF, Fontenot AP: Oligoclonal CD4+ T cells in the lungs of patients with severe emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Sep 1;172(5):590-6 6) Vernooy JH, Kucukaycan M,Jacobs JA, Chavannes NH, , Dentener MA, Wouters EF: Local and Systemic Inflammation in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Nov 1;166(9):1218-24

6. Diagnosi e monitoraggio	INDICE

Screening ed inquadramento diagnostico (G. Viegi, V. Brusasco, C. Tantucci)
1) Zielinski J, Bednarek M, Gorecka D, Viegi G, Hurd SS, Fukuchi Y, Lay CK, Ran PX, Ko FW, Liu SM, Zheng JP, Zhong NS, Ip MS, Vermeire PA. Increasing COPD awareness. Eur Respir J 2006;27:833-852. 2) Viegi G, Maio S, Pistelli F, Baldacci S, Carrozzi L. Epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: health effects of air pollution. Respirology 2006;11:523-532. 3) Maio S, Baldacci S, Carrozzi L, Pistelli F, Viegi G. The global burden of chronic respiratory diseases. Breathe 2006;3:20-29.
Imaging e caratterizzazione fenotipica (M. Pistolesi, M. Zompatori)
1) Matsuoka S, Kurihara Y, Yagihashi K, Nakajima Y: Quantitative thin section CT analysis of the enlargement and coalescenze of low attenuation clusters in patients with emphysema. Respiration 2007; 74: 136 141 2) Boiselle P, Ernst A: Tracheal morphology in patients with tracheomalacia J Thorac Imaging 2006; 21: 190 196 3) Baroni R, Feller-Kopman D, Nishino M : Tracheobronchomalacia. Comparison between end-expiratory and dynamic expiratory CT for evaluation of central airway collapse. Radiology 2005; 235: 635 641 4) Gierada D, Pilgram T, Whiting B et al: Comparison of standard and low radiation dose CT for quantification of emphysema. AJR 2007; 188: 42 47 5) Kitaguchi Y, Fujimoto K, Kubo K, Honda T: Characteristics of COPD phenotypes classified according to the findings of HRCT Respiratory Medicine 2006; 100: 1742 1752 6) Hoffman E, Simon B, Mc Lennan G: A structural and functional assessment of the lungs via multidetector row CT. Phenotyping chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Proc Am Thorac Soc vol 3, pp 519 534; 2006 7) Fujimoto K, Kitaguchi Y, Kubo K, Honda T: Clinical analysis of COPD phenotypes classified using HRCT Respirology 2006; 11: 731 740 8) Copley S, Wells A, Muller N, Rubens M et al : Thin section CT in obstructive pulmonary disease. Discriminatory value. Radiology 2002; 223: 812 819 9) Copley S, Lee Y, Hansell D, Sivakumaran P et al: Asbestos induced and smoking related disease. Apportioning pulmonary function deficit by using thin section CT Radiology 2007; 242: 258 266 10) Zompatori M, Laporta T: The heresy of one age becomes the orthodoxy of the next. What is new about detecting emphysema? Respiration 2007; 74: 133 135 11) Shaker S, Stavngaard T, Stolk J et al: Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency. CT imaging Thorax 2004; 59: 986 991

7. Riduzione dei fattori di rischio	INDICE

Azioni contro il fumo di sigaretta ed altre azioni preventive (E. Sabato, S. Nutini, A. De Martino)
1) 1. Lancasster T, Stead LF . Individual behavioural couunselling for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 2: CD001292 2) Stead LF, Lancaster T. Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 2: CD001007 3) Stead LF, Lancaster T., Perera R. Telephone counselling for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database SUSt Rev 2006; 3: CD002850 4) Rennard SI, Daughton DM. Smoking cessation . Chest 2000; 117;3605-3645 5) Tonnesen P, Mikkelsen K, Bremann L. Nurse conducted smoking cessation in patients with COPD, using nicotine sublingual tablets and behavioural support. Chest 2006;130:314-316 6) Gonzales D, Rennard SI, Nides M et al Varenecline, an alfa 4beta 2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist,vs sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation. JAMA 2006;296 :47-55 7) Jorenby DE, Hays T, Rigotti NA, et al. Efficacy of verenicline, an alfa4 beta2 nicotinic acetylcoline receptor partial agonist, vs placebo or substained-release bupropion for smoking cessation JAMA 2006 ; 296 : 56-63 8) Tonstad S., Tonnesen P, Hajek P. et al Effect of manteinance therapy with verenicline on smoking cesstion JAMA 2006 ; 296:64-71 9) Nides M, Oncken C, Gonzales D et al. Smoking cessation with varenicline, a selective alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor patial agonisst : result from a 7 week, randomized, placebo and bupropion controlled trial with 1-year follow up. Arch Intern Med 2006;166 (15):1561 8 10) Oncken C, Gonzales D, Nides M et al Efficacy and safety of the novel selective nicotinic acetylcholine recptor partial agonist, varenicline, for smoking cessation. Arch Intern Med 2006 ; 166 ( 15) : 157 - 7 11) Tonnesen P. Cutting down smoking then stopping with nicotine replacement therapy: an innovative approach to smoking cessation . Thorax 2005; 6:Suppl II,ii36 12) Rennard SI, Glover ED, Leischow S et al. Efficacy of the nicotine inhaler in smoking reduction: a doublle- blind, randomized trial. Nicotine Tob Res 2006; 8(4): 555-64 13) Cornuz J, Gilbert A, Pinget C et al. Cost-effectiveness of pharmacotherapies for nicotine dependence in primary care setting: a multinational comparison. Tobacco Control 2006; 15: 152 159 14) Bednarek M, Gorecka D, Wielgomas J et al. Smokers with aairway obstruction are more likely to quit smoking Thorax 2006; 61(10) 869-73 15) Ranney L, Melvin C, Lux L et al .Systematic Review: smoking cessation intervention strategies for adults and adults in special population. Ann Intern Med 2006; 145 : 845- 856 16) Lokke A, Lange P, Scharling H et al .Developing COPD : a 25 year folow up study of the general populatioon Thorax 2006; 61(11):935-9 17) Pelkonen M, Notkola IL, Nissinen A et al. Thirty year cumulative incidence of chronic bronchitis and COPD in relation to 30- year pulmonary function and 40 yeaar mortality: a follow up in middlle-aged rural men. Chest 2006;130(4):1129-37 18) Tonnesen P, Carrozzi L, Fagerstrom KO et al ERS Task Force. Smoking cessation in patients with respiratory diseases : a high priority, integral component of therapy. Eur Respir J 2007; 29: 390: 417 19) Gratziou C, Tonnesen P. Smoking cessation and prevention .Eur Respir Mon 2006 ; 38 : 242 :257 20) Oriczo-Levi M, Garcia-Aymerick J, Villar J , et Al Wood smoke exposure and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2006; 27-542-6 21) Menzies D, Nair A, Williamson PA et al. Respiratory simptoms, pulmonary function, and markers of inflammation among workers before and after legislative ban of smoking in public places. JAMA 2006;296(14):1742-8 22) The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke: a Report of the Surgeon General Department of Health and Human Services . Washington DC, US;2006

8. Trattamento della BPCO stabile	INDICE

Trattamento farmacologico della BPCO stabile (M. Cazzola, R. Testi, M. Schiavina, V. Bellia)
1) Klaus F. Rabe, M.D., Ph.D.; Treating COPD - The TORCH Trial, P Values, and the Dodo; n engl j med 356;8 2) Peter M.A. Calverley, M.D., Julie A. Anderson, M.A., Bartolome Celli, M.D., Gary T. Ferguson, M.D., Christine Jenkins, M.D., Paul W. Jones, M.D., Julie C. Yates, B.S., and Jørgen Vestbo, M.D., for the TORCH investigators; Salmeterol and Fluticasone Propionate and Survival in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; n engl j med 356;8 3) Treating COPD; n engl j med 356;8 4) Cazzola M, Matera MG: The effective treatment of COPD: Anticholinergics and what else. Respiratory diseases 2006 5) Bellia V, Battaglia S, Matera M G, Cazzola M: The use of bronchodilators in the treatment of airway obstructionin elderly patients. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 19 (2006) 311319 6) Cazzola M, Hanania N A: The role of combination therapy with corticosteroids and long-acting ß2-agonists in the prevention of exacerbations in COPD. International Journal of COPD 2006:1(4) 345354 7) Cazzola M, Mantero A, Santus P, Carlucci P, Mondoni M, Bosotti L, Centanni S: Doppler echocardiographic assessment of the effects of inhaled long-acting b2-agonists on pulmonary artery pressure in COPD patients. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 20 (2007) 258264 8) Brown R A, Allegra L, Matera M G, Pagea CP, Cazzola M: Additional clinical benefit of enoxaparin in COPD patients receiving salmeterol and fluticasone propionate in combination. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 19 (2006) 419424 9) Di Marco F, Verga M, Santus P, Morelli N, Cazzola M, Centenni S: Effect of formoterol, tiotropium, and their combination in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A pilot study. Respiratory Medicine (2006) 100, 19251932 10) Cazzola M, Noschese P, De Michele F, DAmato G, Matera MG: Effect of formoterol/budesonide combination on arterial blood gases in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD. Respiratory Medicine (2006) 100, 212217 11) Franciosi LG, Page CP, Celli BR, Cazzola M, Walker MJ, Danho M, Rabe KF and Della Pasqua OE: Markers of exacerbation severity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Respir Res. 2006 May 10;7:74. 12) Franciosi LG, Page CP, Celli BR, Cazzola M, Walker MJ, Danhof M, Rabe KF, Della Pasqua OE: Markers of disease severity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 19 (2006) 189199 13) Cazzola M: Application of Number Needed to Treat (NNT) as a Measure of Treatment Effect in Respiratory Medicine. Respir Med 2006; 5 (2): 79-84 14) Boswell-Smith V, Cazzola M, and Page CP: Are phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors just more theophylline? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006 Jun;117(6):1237-43 15) Cazzola M, Matera MG and Donner CF: Inhaled ß2-Adrenoceptor Agonists Cardiovascular Safety in Patients with Obstructive Lung Disease. Drugs. 2005;65(12):1595-610 16) Cazzola M: Single inhaler budesonide/formoterol in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 19 (2006) 7989 17) Santus P, Centanni S, Verga M, Di Marco F, Matera MG, Cazzola M: Comparison of the acute effect of tiotropium versus a combination therapy with single inhaler budesonide/formoterol on the degree of resting pulmonary hyperinflation. Respiratory Medicine (2006) 100, 12771281 18) Haughney J, Gruffydd-Jones K: Patient-centred outcomes in primary care management of COPD - what do recent clinical trial data tell us? Prim Care Respir J. 2004 Dec;13(4):185-97 19) Pauwels RA, Lofdahl CG, Laitinen LA, Schouten JP, Postma DS, Pride NB, Ohlsson SV: Long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who continue smoking. European Respiratory Society Study on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jun 24;340(25):1948-53. 20) C-G Löfdahl, DS Postma, NB Pride, J Boe, A Thorén: Does inhaled budesonide protect against cardio-ischaemic events in mild-moderate COPD a post-hoc evaluation of the EUROSCOP study. ERS 2005.
Trattamento farmacologico degli aspetti sistemici e delle comorbilitā (L. M. Fabbri, A. Scordamaglia, A. Salzillo, R. Dal Negro, C. Giuntini)

Trattamento non farmacologico della BPCO stabile (G. Scano, E. Clini, F. Fiorentini, O. Resta, R. Corsico)
1) Nici L, Donner C, Wouters E, Zuwallack R, Ambrosino N, Bourbeau J, Carone M, Celli B, Engelen M, Fahy B, Garvey C, Goldstein R, Gosselink R, Lareau S, MacIntyre N, Maltais F, Morgan M, O'Donnell D, Prefault C, Reardon J, Rochester C, Schols A, Singh S, Troosters T; ATS/ERS Pulmonary Rehabilitation Writing Committee. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement on pulmonary rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 Jun 15;173(12):1390-413. 2) Raskin J, Spiegler P, McCusker C, ZuWallack R, Bernstein M, Busby J, DiLauro P, Griffiths K, Haggerty M, Hovey L, McEvoy D, Reardon JZ, Stavrolakes K, Stockdale-Woolley R, Thompson P, Trimmer G, Youngson L. The effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on healthcare utilization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The Northeast Pulmonary Rehabilitation Consortium. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2006 Jul-Aug;26(4):231-6. 3) Garcia-Aymerich J, Lange P, Benet M, Schnohr P, Anto JM. Regular physical activity reduces hospital admission and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population based cohort study. Thorax. 2006 Sep;61(9):772-8. Epub 2006 May 31. 4) Sewell L, Singh SJ, Williams JE, Collier R, Morgan MD. How long should outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation be? A randomised controlled trial of 4 weeks versus 7 weeks. Thorax. 2006 Sep;61(9):767-71. Epub 2006 Jan 31. 5) Garrod R, Marshall J, Barley E, Jones PW. Predictors of success and failure in pulmonary rehabilitation. Eur Respir J. 2006 Apr;27(4):788-94. Epub 2006 Feb 15. 6) Ninot G, Fortes M, Poulain M, Brun A, Desplan J, Prefaut C, Varray A. Gender difference in coping strategies among patients enrolled in an inpatient rehabilitation program. Heart Lung. 2006 Mar-Apr;35(2):130-6. 7) Skumlien S, Haave E, Morland L, Bjortuft O, Ryg MS. Gender differences in the performance of activities of daily living among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chron Respir Dis. 2006;3(3):141-8. 8) ZuWallack R, Hashim A, McCusker C, Normandin E, Benoit-Connors ML, Lahiri B. The trajectory of change over multiple outcome areas during comprehensive outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation. Chron Respir Dis. 2006;3(1):11-8. 9) Butcher SJ, Jones RL. The impact of exercise training intensity on change in physiological function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Sports Med. 2006;36(4):307-25. 10) Romagnoli M, Dell'Orso D, Lorenzi C, Crisafulli E, Costi S, Lugli D, Clini EM. Repeated pulmonary rehabilitation in severe and disabled COPD patients. Respiration. 2006;73(6):769-76. Epub 2006 Apr 21. 11) Puhan MA, Busching G, Schunemann HJ, VanOort E, Zaugg C, Frey M. Interval versus continuous high-intensity exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006 Dec 5;145(11):816-25. 12) van 't Hul A, Gosselink R, Hollander P, Postmus P, Kwakkel G. Training with inspiratory pressure support in patients with severe COPD. Eur Respir J. 2006 Jan;27(1):65-72. 13) Vivodtzev I, Pepin JL, Vottero G, Mayer V, Porsin B, Levy P, Wuyam B. Improvement in quadriceps strength and dyspnea in daily tasks after 1 month of electrical stimulation in severely deconditioned and malnourished COPD. Chest. 2006 Jun;129(6):1540-8. 14) Dolmage TE, Goldstein RS. Response to one-legged cycling in patients with COPD. Chest. 2006 Feb;129(2):325-32. 15) de Blok BM, de Greef MH, ten Hacken NH, Sprenger SR, Postema K, Wempe JB. The effects of a lifestyle physical activity counseling program with feedback of a pedometer during pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD: a pilot study. Patient Educ Couns. 2006 Apr;61(1):48-55. Epub 2006 Feb 7. 16) Heppner PS, Morgan C, Kaplan RM, Ries AL. Regular walking and long-term maintenance of outcomes after pulmonary rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2006 Jan-Feb;26(1):44-53. 17) Cockram J, Cecins N, Jenkins S. Maintaining exercise capacity and quality of life following pulmonary rehabilitation. Respirology. 2006 Jan;11(1):98-104. 18) Hill K, Jenkins SC, Philippe DL, Cecins N, Shepherd KL, Green DJ, Hillman DR, Eastwood PR. High-intensity inspiratory muscle training in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2006 Jun;27(6):1119-28. 19) Eastwood PR, Van Der Touw TJ, Sturdy GA, Jenkins SC, Hillman DR. Anaerobic metabolism of inspiratory muscles in COPD. Respirology. 2006 Jan;11(1):32-40. 20) Koppers RJ, Vos PJ, Boot CR, Folgering HT. Exercise performance improves in patients with COPD due to respiratory muscle endurance training. Chest. 2006 Apr;129(4):886-92. 21) Schultz K, Bergmann KC, Kenn K, Petro W, Heitmann RH, Fischer R, Lang SM. Effectiveness of inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation (AHB). Results of a multicenter prospective observation study. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2006 Aug 18;131(33):1793-8. 22) Gohl O, Linz H, Schonleben T, Otte B, Weineck J, Worth H. Benefits of a multimodular outpatient training program for patients with COPD. Pneumologie. 2006 Sep;60(9):529-36. 23) Ferreira G, Feuerman M, Spiegler P. Results of an 8-week, outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation program on patients with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2006 Jan-Feb;26(1):54-60. 24) Bradley J, Moran F. Pulmonary rehabilitation improves exercise tolerance in patients with bronchiectasis. Aust J Physiother. 2006;52(1):65. 25) Bartels MN, Kim H, Whiteson JH, Alba AS. Pulmonary rehabilitation in patients undergoing lung-volume reduction surgery. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006 Mar;87(3 Suppl 1):S84-8; quiz S89-90. 26) Velloso M, Jardim JR. Study of energy expenditure during activities of daily living using and not using body position recommended by energy conservation techniques in patients with COPD. Chest. 2006 Jul;130(1):126-32. 27) Guell R, Resqueti V, Sangenis M, Morante F, Martorell B, Casan P, Guyatt GH. Impact of pulmonary rehabilitation on psychosocial morbidity in patients with severe COPD. Chest. 2006 Apr;129(4):899-904. 28) Alexopoulos GS, Sirey JA, Raue PJ, Kanellopoulos D, Clark TE, Novitch RS. Outcomes of depressed patients undergoing inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006 May;14(5):466-75. 29) Wilkinson IS, Prigmore S, Rayner CF. A randomised-controlled trail examining the effects of reflexology of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2006 May;12(2):141-7. Epub 2005 Dec 27. 30) Bourbeau J, Collet JP, Schwartzman K, Ducruet T, Nault D, Bradley C. Economic benefits of self-management education in COPD. Chest. 2006 Dec;130(6):1704-11. 31) Wood-Baker R, McGlone S, Venn A, Walters EH. Written action plans in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease increase appropriate treatment for acute exacerbations. Respirology. 2006 Sep;11(5):619-26. 32) McGeoch GR, Willsman KJ, Dowson CA, Town GI, Frampton CM, McCartin FJ, Cook JM, Epton MJ. Self-management plans in the primary care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology. 2006 Sep;11(5):611-8. 33) Reardon JZ, Lareau SC, ZuWallack R. Functional status and quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med. 2006 Oct;119(10 Suppl 1):32-7. 34) Dourado VZ, Antunes LC, Tanni SE, de Paiva SA, Padovani CR, Godoy I. Relationship of upper-limb and thoracic muscle strength to 6-min walk distance in COPD patients. Chest. 2006 Mar;129(3):551-7. 35) Berry MJ, Adair NE, Rejeski WJ. Use of peak oxygen consumption in predicting physical function and quality of life in COPD patients. Chest. 2006 Jun;129(6):1516-22. 36) Probst VS, Troosters T, Pitta F, Decramer M, Gosselink R. Cardiopulmonary stress during exercise training in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2006 Jun;27(6):1110-8. Epub 2006 Mar 15. 37) Puente-Maestu L, Abad YM, Pedraza F, Sanchez G, Stringer WW. A controlled trial of the effects of leg training on breathing pattern and dynamic hyperinflation in severe COPD. Lung. 2006 May-Jun;184(3):159-67. 38) Campo LA, Chilingaryan G, Berg K, Paradis B, Mazer B. Validity and reliability of the modified shuttle walk test in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006 Jul;87(7):918-22. 39) Eaton T, Young P, Nicol K, Kolbe J. The endurance shuttle walking test: a responsive measure in pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD patients. Chron Respir Dis. 2006;3(1):3-9. 40) Leung AS, Chan KK, Sykes K, Chan KS. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a 2-min walk test to assess exercise capacity of COPD patients. Chest. 2006 Jul;130(1):119-25. 41) Zhan S, Cerny FJ, Gibbons WJ, Mador MJ, Wu YW. Development of an unsupported arm exercise test in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2006 May-Jun;26(3):180-7; discussion 188-90. 42) Gupta RB, Brooks D, Lacasse Y, Goldstein RS. Effect of rollator use on health-related quality of life in individuals with COPD. Chest. 2006 Oct;130(4):1089-95. 43) Peters MM, Webb KA, O'Donnell DE. Combined physiological effects of bronchodilators and hyperoxia on exertional dyspnoea in normoxic COPD. Thorax. 2006 Jul;61(7):559-67. Epub 2006 Feb 7. 44) Lerario MC, Sachs A, Lazaretti-Castro M, Saraiva LG, Jardim JR. Body composition in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: which method to use in clinical practice? Br J Nutr. 2006 Jul;96(1):86-92. 45) Mineo TC, Pompeo E, Mineo D, Ambrogi V, Ciarapica D, Polito A. Resting energy expenditure and metabolic changes after lung volume reduction surgery for emphysema. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006 Oct;82(4):1205-11. 46) Wan IY, Toma TP, Geddes DM, Snell G, Williams T, Venuta F, Yim AP. Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction for end-stage emphysema: report on the first 98 patients. Chest. 2006 Mar;129(3):518-26. 47) Venuta F, Rendina EA, De Giacomo T, Anile M, Diso D, Andreetti C, Pugliese F, Coloni GF. Bronchoscopic procedures for emphysema treatment. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Mar;29(3):281-7. Epub 2006 Jan 24. Trattamento non farmacologico della BPCO stabile
Educazione del paziente e somministrazione dei farmaci (G. Cocco, M. Franchi, R. Antonelli Incalzi)

Markers ed outcomes di malattia e delle riacutizzazioni (A. Papi, P. Boschetto, E. Marangio)
1) Klaus F. Rabe, M.D., Ph.D.; Treating COPD - The TORCH Trial, P Values, and the Dodo; n engl j med 356;8 2) Peter M.A. Calverley, M.D., Julie A. Anderson, M.A., Bartolome Celli, M.D., Gary T. Ferguson, M.D., Christine Jenkins, M.D., Paul W. Jones, M.D., Julie C. Yates, B.S., and Jørgen Vestbo, M.D., for the TORCH investigators; Salmeterol and Fluticasone Propionate and Survival in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; n engl j med 356;8 3) Treating COPD; n engl j med 356;8

9. Gestione delle riacutizzazioni	INDICE

Diagnosi e gestione clinica delle riacutizzazioni (A. Spanevello, S. Calabro, M. Polverino)

Trattamento antibiotico delle riacutizzazioni (F. Blasi, L. Richeldi)

Trattamento intensivo respiratorio (A. Corrado, A. Rossi, M. Confalonieri)
1) Bertolini G, Confalonieri M, Rossi C, Rossi G, Simini B, Gorini M, Corrado A; GiViTI (Gruppo italiano per la Valutazione degli interventi in Terapia Intensiva) Group; Aipo (Associazione Italiana Pneumologi Ospedalieri) Group: Costs of the COPD. Differences between intensive care unit and respiratory intermediate care unit. Respir Med. 2005 Jul;99(7):894-900.

10. Linee Guida nelle cure primarie	INDICE

Adattamento delle Linee Guida alla medicina generale (L. Corbetta, G. Bettoncelli, P. Bartoletti, G. Carnesalli, P. Spriano)
1) MacIntyre NR; American Association for Respiratory Care, National Lung Health Education Program: The American Association for Respiratory Care and the National Lung Health Education Program: assuring quality in spirometry. Respir Care. 2004 Jun;49(6):587-8 2) White P. Should we use spirometry in the early detection of COPD? Eur Respir J. 2005 Sep;26(3):558-9 3) Van Schayck CP, Loozen JM, Wagena E, Akkermans RP, Wesseling GJ: Detecting patients at a high risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in general practice: cross sectional case finding study. BMJ. 2002 Jun 8;324(7350):1370 4) Van den Boom G, Van Schayck CP, Van Mollen MP, Tirimanna PR, Den Otter JJ, Van Grunsven PM, Buitendijk MJ, Van Herwaarden CL, Van Weel C: Active detection of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma in the general population. Results and economic consequences of the DIMCA program. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Dec;158(6):1730-8 5) Schermer TR, Jacobs JE, Chavannes NH, Hartman J, Folgering HT, Bottema BJ, Van Weel C: Validity of spirometric testing in a general practice population of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thorax. 2003 Oct;58(10):861-6 6) Schermer TR, Jacobs JE, Chavannes NH, Hartman J, Folgering HT, Bottema BJ, Van Weel C: Validity of spirometric testing in a general practice population of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thorax. 2003 Oct;58(10):861-6 7) Ferguson GT, Enright PL, Buist AS, Higgins MW: Office spirometry for lung health assessment in adults: A consensus statement from the National Lung Health Education Program. Chest. 2000 Apr;117(4):1146-61. 8) Enright PL, Kaminsky DA: Strategies for screening for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Care. 2003 Dec;48(12):1194-201; discussion 1201-3 9) Buffels J, Degryse J, Heyrman J, Decramer M; DIDASCO Study: Office spirometry significantly improves early detection of COPD in general practice: the DIDASCO Study. Chest. 2004 Apr;125(4):1394-9 10) Boushey H, Enright P, Samet J: Spirometry for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease case finding in primary care? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Dec 15;172(12):1481-2

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